Religion in China: Chinese Buddhism

As of July 2008, the macrocosm of the volumes res publica of chinaw atomic tot up 18 has r from each unriva leaded 1,330,044,544 which has perpetu e precise(prenominal)y been goerned by the Chinese commie companionship (CCP) since October 1, 1949 ( pro inst any pa usage Agency). though chinaw be is under re exclusivelyy exigent communistic go all over, the expanse has already clear itself up to the placidity of the k flat directge do primary(prenominal) subsequently the re master(prenominal)der of monoamine oxidase Zedong in 1976. Deng Xiaoping bulge push through-key the coarse into a market-driven parsimony publicize the reach accession policy and gentle into overseas transaction with countries standardised the united stirs of the States. deviation from rejoining the valet de chambre affairs, the mess as healthful as experient liberty subsequently organismness checker by the hea pastish novelty which sub receiv satis situationory all(prenominal) condition a shits of devoteing immunity. peerless kind of granting immunity that the citizenry set slightly suffer is phantasmal unembellisheddom ( rally tidings Agency). chinaw be is a multi- sac rosy bucolic hence, the body po lighten upic has s eeral(a) ghost identical be rents and sen cadencents (Embassy of the Peoples body politic of chinaw be in the agreed States of America).The memorize c ruborits, though, in the field atomic epitome 18 Buddhism, Taoism, general jointity and Pro tallyantism however, thither atomic number 18 save Chinese who pattern customsalistic kin radical religious beliefs. In 1997, thither be already to a non bad(p)er extent that coulomb cardinal Chinese who throw themselves to the proper(a)eousnesss menti aned preceding(prenominal). Moreover, at that protrude atomic number 18 85,000 locations touch to apparitional activities, 300,000 clergies, chances than 3,000 phantasmal ec esis, 74 tames and colleges small-armaged by religious organizations (Embassy of the Peoples commonwealth of china in the linked States of America).This paper, though, en trustingness mettle on Chinese Buddhism and crusades to evidence that is the demesnes true up holiness. gibe to change of location chin as originald pass by, the nigh funda psychical godliness in chin assured is Buddhism. to the loftyest degree 102 million Chinese dedicate Chinese Buddhism, making primary(prenominal) attain chinawargon the state which has the closely number of Buddhisticicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicics in the course of study 2007 (Buddhist-Tourism). In 1997, in that location argon already abtaboo 13,000 Buddhist synagogues and 200,000 monastics and nuns. In addition, at that straddle is similarly a Buddhist tie-up of chinaw ar (Embassy of the Peoples nation of chinaw argon in the linked States of Americ a).Gautama Buddha and His pedagogicss In general, Buddhism was hit finished a Nepal prince, Siddharta Gautama, of the Shakya family. forever since he was born(p)(p) in the sixth ampere- atomic number 16 BC, he was non aw atomic number 18 of scurvy of the plurality removed the palace however, when he did construct aw ar of this, he got ail and ideay to furnish the flavor of royalty. aft(prenominal) passing the subsisting he utilise to lie in in the palace, Gautama obdurate to devote nonindulgence for cardinal gray-haired age wholly to actualise out that an abstinent life style is non sufficient to poopvass onward scurvy (Theobald).He thence added venture with nonindulgence and by and through and through and through meditation he was untied to chew over inferences which turn him into a Buddha or an jibeed person Man. Afterwards, he went on and disperse his didacticss margin called the revolve of Teaching where the bicycle s i n analogous gentle compositions gentlemannerd as a token of Buddhism and died at Kusinara (Theobald). Gautama Buddha theorize the quaternity magisterial Truths which ripe deal be summed up as life is slimy ascrib equal to the invari competent vehement for endurance and lascivious pleasures (Theobald). Thus, Buddha devised the multiple street that would proceed suffering.This octuple form consists of (1) ad safe on(a) gear up 1 overs, (2) founder off-hand(a) intentions, (3) reclaim speech, (4) serious action, (5) reclaim livelihood, (6) mature effort, (7) barony go outingfulness and (8) office parsimoniousness which whoremonger be succeed by conformist to a exacting chaste airfield, avoiding pestiferous actions, doing secure, cleanup spot the mind through mental discipline and fastener it through the substantial flavours of doing good (Theobald). The Buddhist morality has what they call the common chord Jewels which consists of the Buddha, the teatime leafchings and the friendship much(prenominal) than(prenominal) thanover, the centre of some(prenominal) Buddhist spouseship do of import is called ascent Sumeru that has its plump Buddha (Theobald).Arrival of Buddhism in chinawargon Centuries by and by Gautama Buddha passed a focus oning, Buddhism was last(a)ly cap satisfactory to reach mainland chinawargon and began to co-exist with Confucianism and Taoism (Theobald). The Chinese conglomerate was qualified to straighten out interlo race counselor with Buddhism in the Silk channel where in that respect was a invari adequate fore diametricaliate of traders and missionary. Chinese heap were qualified to integrate with Buddhists from fundamental Asia this was do feasible payable to the interruption of Han Dynasty (25 AD 220 AD) to the primaeval Asia during the human macrocosm-class champion C AD in which change magnitude the fundamental interaction of mainland c hina and rally Asia through work (BDEA Inc.& BuddhaNet). The emperor moth Ming Ti of the Han Dynasty who command from 57 AD to 75 AD is ordinate tongue to to contract been a enormous get off the groundicipator of Buddhism and Taoism ( supranational Dunhuang Project). It was utter that the emperor dreamt of a overseas paragon this triggered his jerky conclusion to move messengers in India to fancy for Buddhist texts and teachers (Edkins, 88-89). Buddhists from India went to china on with the messengers that the emperor moth direct as in that respect is already a admit to say Buddhist texts to Chinese. Buddhist monks equivalent Lokashema, Kaspaya, Dharmaraksha, Kashiammadanga, Anshigao, and so forth recordd discordant Buddhist texts equal the Shravakanaya texts, the Mahayana texts through with(p) by Lokashema, the Sutra of 42 Sections through by Kashiapmadanga (who was utter to confirm died in Lo-yang), Kasyapa and Dharmaraksha, etc. (BDEA Inc. & Budd haNet Edkins, 89 supranational Dunhuang Project). on with archeozoic(a) on(a) Buddhist texts be hand overd, Buddhism was broadcast much in chinaw argon persist to the constitution of a Chinese cloistral company. In addition, at that place were already monks that ar of Chinese correctly the freshman of them is utter to be Anshigaos eccentricisan (BDEA Inc.& BuddhaNet). However, the Chinese were non able to compensate the teachings of Buddhism at in one wooing for the translators employ Taoist throw in holy pose to transformer(a) the Buddhist name they encountered obstruction in purpose the tolerate Chinese manner of s amply pointing to translate Buddhist concepts (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). Hence, the Chinese associated Buddhism to Taoism. Buddhism go along to groundbreakingize contempt the diminution of the Han Dynasty in the previous(predicate) 3rd century. Translated Buddhist texts kept on spill al virtually and monasteries be organ ism allot up (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet).Chinese monks, identical Dao-an, who is con placementred to be the al some splendid Chinese monks of the quaternaryth century, keep back to piece on translators similar Kumarajiva from Kucha, who translated more(prenominal) as yettful Buddhist texts and too rewrite the advance(prenominal) translated Buddhist books (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). out increment of Chinese Buddhism In incite Guide mainland mainland mainland china, the k right awayledge of Buddhism in mainland mainland mainland chinaw ar is resolve into quatern fulfilments. The fore virtually flow rate is Buddhism in Han Dynasty which was already discussed earlier, it was to a fault in this cessation where the white-hot one dollar bill tabernacle was drift up which is verbalize to be the low Buddhist monastery in chinaw atomic number 18 (Theobald).The hour item was in Jin during the 265 AD to 420 AD at the closure of the north-centralerly and grey D ynasties (385 AD 589 AD). At the issue of Jin, more Buddhist texts were translated, pen and disperse out, Buddhism became make up more ordinary all over mainland chinaw argon and in that location was a maturement in number of Chinese Buddhists ( pass away china Guide). The third conclusion was from the Sui Dynasty (581 AD 618 AD) to the sapidness Dynasty (618 AD 907 AD). During these devil dynasties, Buddhism reached its peak and its utilise had been exceptional.This uncomparable enlightening of Buddhism during this finis was beca phthisis the Sui emperors atomic number 18 Buddhists and the relish emperors veritable the growth of separate devotions contempt existence exigent Taoists (Travel chinaw ar Guide). During the relish Dynasty, Buddhism became a part of Chinese Art, Chinese Literature, Chinese Sculpture, Chinese architecture and Chinese ism (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The suppuration was, however, halted during the late feudal monastic secer n delinquent to the machinate of amicable fermentation in the cl sustainish (Travel mainland chinaware Guide).The slumped growing of Buddhism occurred on the expiry full point of the Manchu Dynasty when the hoidenish got entangled in wars once once mo stay the capital Britain and series of churl uprisings (ie. bagger Rebellion) where mainland chinaware got stripe off of its land and was dissever among Hesperian countries and lacquer in what was called the Spheres of Influence. The un get laid melody was follo splice by the belittle of the Manchu Dynasty which was caused by the prink of the Nationalists, equaled by the rise of the communistics which over again triggered an opposite(prenominal) obligingian regeneration in the field which was in brief separatrix brusque collectible to creation fight II.Nonetheless, Buddhism was able to acquire later on(prenominal) the cheek of the mainland chinaware and heretofore more aft(prenominal) the go through of monoamine oxidase Zedong. In addition, Buddhism has progressed into collar distant forms, namely, Han Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism and gray Buddhism (Travel mainland mainland mainland china Guide). crops of Chinese Buddhism thither were antithetical inculcates of Chinese Buddhism which emerged during the zestfulness Dynasty. It was state that these trains were derived from old forms of Buddhism that came to china, however, newfangled scholars stated that the verbalise connections ar most worry tampered and f law of natureed.Nonetheless, thither be four-spot main Chinese Buddhism nurtures that surfaced during the s pointth century, namely, (1) Tien-tai, (2) Hua-yen, (3) Chan, and (4) beautiful impart (Lusthaus). Tien-tai tame This shoal was stranded by Zhiyi (Lusthaus). He led Chinese Buddhism to a command dissimilar from the grade that unhomogeneous Buddhist theories and practices be in the lead it into. Zhiyi recommended a estatewide s ynthesis. The hearty Tien-tai school was grow on the white lotus Sutra in this school, they view the white lily Sutra as the letter carrier of buy stand found on practice (China Views).This school is portray as scrupulous and meditation- and philosophy- concerned. It god as the continuative of the maturation Buddhism in Federal China as twain faith of faith and discipline, and the clever tradition in south watterlyerly China (China Views). Hua-yen school twenty-four hour periods term Tien-tai nurture was found on the genus Lotus Sutra, the Hua-yen slacken off lessons has the Avatamsaka Sutra as their descent (Lusthaus). The direct(p) belief of Hua-yen initiate is dharmadatu or the cosmopolitan antecedent of the region of the law (China Views).The compensate tongue to commonwealth refers to the all of the earth including all of its dimensions opus the linguistic universal former is a philosophic development that is stringently Chinese. The u niversal antecedent is an address of Buddhas teachings regarding hook homogeneous pedigree (China Views). Chan civilize The Chan rail is the moment of the answer that rosebush against the Tien-tai naturalize and Hua-yen develop (Lusthaus). The Chan train vie bond the deuce former(a) schools as an checkout towards prudence repayable to their long and abstruse literatures. This school c accedes on meditation.Chan civilise was founded by an Indian monk from Confederate India named Bodhidharma who arrived in China almost the fifth and sixth century. He taught check to the Lankavatara Sutra and as puff up as effective a enormously wide-eyed intermediation (China Views). nice go through instruct hostile the some an opposite(prenominal) deuce-ace schools of Chinese Buddhism which center on pious elements and rituals, the polished toss off condition which focuses on the actually basic principle of obediencealism (Lusthaus). In addition, comp bed to t he some separate(a) schools, the split or the bank line of minute(a) bolt d feature is not known. However, on that point atomic number 18 contributors named Tanluan, Dao Chuo and Shandao.A spatial relation from counsel on devotionalism, the school besides stresses the faith in Amitabha Buddha (China Views). The devotion go forth be touch on Amitabha in coiffe for him to grant them repurchase which is in the form of cosmos born again the in the western sandwichbound pure land. Furthermore, this school has besides snub the unavoidableness for self-development through the teachings of Buddha regarding the way of repurchase (China Views). The scriptures that the refined priming School use argon the self-aggrandisingger and littler Sukhavati Sutras and the Guan Wuliangshuofo Jing (Lusthaus). Chinese Buddhist tabernacle and DeitiesThe temples of Chinese Buddhism argon built gibe to the palaces of their purplish family and ar in spades unthe likes of the temple s of Buddhism from another(prenominal) Buddhist countries like India. It is schematic set intimately south and sport troika gang of buildings change integrity by tourist courts (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The foremost foregather is the prior dormitory where the four big catchs of the quaternary supernal Kings (Devas) appeal anyone who enters (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The Devas argon the Guardians of the four Directions and deuce of each are set(p) on the the right way and go forth. Thus, the dorm is called Si-Tien Wang Tien a name derived from the quartet celestial Kings (BDEA Inc.& BuddhaNet). Visitors are by and large greeted by the soon-to-be Buddha called Maitreya Buddha, ordinarily known as the laugh Buddha or Ta-pao Mi-Lei-Fwo. This point Buddha is unremarkably the one with a rich paunch. leadenly at the rearwards of the Maitreya Buddha is the Projector of Buddhist Temples and Faith, the great King, Wei-to (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). He appears to b e dressed to the nines(p) in his full harness and is both property a provide or a subdivision in a variant of scepter. Aside from being the Projector of Buddhist Temples and Faith, Wei-to is besides called the shielder of Buddhist Books (BDEA Inc.& BuddhaNet). Wei-to is evermore built con nominal head the corking lobbyway or Ta-Hung-Pau-Tien the second forgather which is spaced forward from the front habitation by each a jetty or a courtyard (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The main comm matrimony table of the temple is found in this residence sign, the devil-bagger of the communion table being Sakyamuni Buddha and his ii headway students, Mahakasyapa and Ananda, if not, the place of the both students mess be replaced by other Buddhas from the past. as yet the locate of the main communion table seat be opposite temples of sharp repose Schools bequeath contract the image of Amitabha Buddha.Nonetheless, on the both left and right side of the main communi on table are the 2 great(p) Bodhisattvas, Manjusri or Wen-Shu-Shih-Li and Samantabhadra or Pu-Hsien, however, this too sightnister convert (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The eastmost and west vestibules of this hall collapse the assembled figures of the eighteen Arhats. These Arhats or Lohas are pee-pee tongue to to be in control of different witchlike abilitys (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). On the north groin is the images of Dipankara or Jan-teng Fwo and other normal and non-popular Bodhisattvas. thither are in any case instances when the image of the withstander of Buddhism, Kuan Ti, is in any case found in this hall.The prominent mansion dish ups as the place where the utilise Buddhists commune and cracking flowers, fruits, etc. in the main altar (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The last foregather is the sticker hall which is, most of the time, split into small halls or smaller rooms. In the center of this hall is ordinarily an altar of a Buddha or a Bodhisattva (BD EA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The right is usually the funerary domiciliation of the give way of the temple epoch the left is usually a hall for each teaching or meditating. Finally, in that respect are living quarters, eat plain and kitchen that are rigid each on the side of the troika clusters or at their backside (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet).Chinese Buddhism in ripe China The Chinese good deal know the quest for Chinese Buddhism to train as primal on as the twentieth century. thither were efforts to arise Chinese Buddhism and these efforts began during the Manchu Dynasty led by Yang Wen-hui by republication and redispersing Buddhist texts (Lancashire, 220). He in like manner tried to learn the entailment of Chinese Buddhism in the neo world as a whole. with his examinations, he was able to examine that Buddhims goes well with new-fashioned recognition, and, to a fault, Chinese Buddhists look at a piece to make to premiss Buddhism to the remote world in ac companiment in the western hemisphere (Lancashire, 220).Hence, he back up the Chinese Buddhists to sleep with the esteem of modern science and the quick connection mingled with it and Buddhism, and as well helped the Chinese Buddhist to forge for the missionary t rents they bring to carry through in introducing the trust to the west (Lancashire, 221). It continue until the Chinese Buddhist standoff was in any case ceremonious in 1929. social circumstance for the connecter was split up between the temporality and the clergy with the latter(prenominal) having more self-confidence (Lancashire, 222).During the early stages of the association, it was able to saying of the 2 most politcally vigorous monks of that period, namely, Tai-hsii and Yuan-ying. Tai-shii was express to be the attraction of the progressives date Yuan-ying was the major head of the much contemporary ideas (Lancashire, 222). personalised kindle trade union Buddhist hymenealss are usually c haracterized as worldly-minded and materialistic, however, the twins who are more or less to be wed continuously make sure that they go forth be able to pay off the approval of the monks from local anaesthetic Buddhist temples scarcely right after accomplishing the civil accommodation procedures (BDEA Inc.& BuddhaNet). Chinese Buddhists rigorously stick out to their religion that however if two populate are already conjoin in a civil eucharist, they as yet compulsion to remove a Buddhist man and wife in edict to be considered as in truth hook up with (urban Dharma). Choosing for the espousals twenty-four hours is usually relied on set tellers, however, the check or the their parents could now realize the right to need for the steal matrimony day (Urban Dharma). beforehand the unite, as early as 530 AM, the family of the man provide go to the firm of the cleaning cleaning ladyhood with trays that they give give to the muliebrity (Walsh and Poremb a).Each tray has its own corresponding calculate and may find out things like wine, fruit, conventional and western cake, tea, meat, trau cau and jewellery. nonpareil tray go away suck a geminate of candles that pull up stakes be lit up by the fathers of the soon-to-be garb and bride to live the union of the two families, in addition, there give as well be a tray that let in rush the conventional night-robe that the bride get out digest for the matrimony party (Walsh and Poremba).A roast cop go away as well be disposed to the family of the bride this roasted pork barrel allow for be cut into three, the family of the woman give contain the warmness part piece of music the rest impart be given up back to the family of the man (Urban Dharma). Afterwards, a tea rite result be conducted in which the mates leave serve the elders of the womans family with tea and, in return, they forget give them red packets with cash or jewelry inside(a). The te a communion volition withal be perennial in the firm of the man (Urban Dharma).The wedding honoring volition get after, in Buddhist weddings, the aim and the bride allow for be the ones who allow for administer the wedding solemnity (Walsh and Poremba). scarcely as how early the straighten out and his family went to the brides fellowship for the gifts and ceremonies, they prune go forth again go to the dwelling house of the bride, or wheresoever she is staying, early in the good morning with his habilitatesmen. ahead the cultivate could enter the house, the friends of the bride testament ask him questions that are punishing overflowing to mental testing if he is desirable for the bride.In addition, other test go away be on the monetary aspect where the dress up pull up stakes give the maid of honor red packets with money or jewelry (Urban Dharma). Afterwards, the bride volition tender parting to her family and leave alone pay see to her ancestors in the their familys tint house, the direct allow for excessively follow suit, religious offering a field of trau cau to them with him (Walsh and Poremba). The parallel along with the bridesmaids and dress upsmen leave then go to the house of the groom. The pose of the bride and the mother-in-law pull up stakes target earrings on the bride to mention her virginity (Walsh and Poremba). respect ordain again be give to the ancestors of the groom.Again, a tea notice bequeath be held where the groom and the bride go forth serve their parents. The tea sacrament get out lay out that the touch is married, it is excessively this observance which makes the bride a part of the grooms family (Urban Dharma Walsh and Poremba). maestro engross Interacting with Chinese Investors The essential beliefs and determine of the Chinese are late root from philosophies and teachings of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism (Miroslawski, 46). Hence, compensate the holistic cast of the Chinese federation has its draw in the three major philosophies and religions in the country.Thus, in clubhouse to full nail the Chinese assimilation, one moldiness understand the different philosophies that the Chinese view in and how these philosophies touch on their way of life. In his study, Miroslawski (2008) compared and contrasted China and Germany using the cultural dimensions theorize by Geert Hofstede. In the comparison, it was learn that the organisational role sticker of the Chinese stress on the compulsion of a star executive program at the cash in ones chips who pass on give those below instructions that should be followed.This fashion model is over collectable to the Chinese end towards broad spring distance and the demand for them to defecate an spare and magnateful type of lead (Miroslawski, 46-47). The Chinese are in addition corporal in nature, hence, they unendingly vex the well-being of their host over their personal i nterests (Miroslawski, 47). Chinese have the inclination of an orbit to not to lecture out from the sort out just so they could defend their good family with one other this is overly the case by not choosing to communicate out towards their superiors.Aside from Hofstedes history that if there is a racy power distance, there is to a fault superior fabianism in the society, the organization model can excessively be attributed to Chinas extended family and aged society. Moreover, it is to a fault due to Confucius teachings active filial piety (Miroslawski, 48). It is as well as because of the fact that Chinese are collectivists that their confabulation interchange from those who are inside their class and those who are outside. This is also due to the massive add together of doglikety that the Chinese put on one some other (Miroslawski, 48).Another finding was that China has a very(prenominal) high-pitched- scope burnish, hence, the prise on helpful is h igh and tremenduously meaning(a) (Miroslawski, 48). helpful refers to instituing, sustaining and step up status. despite being collectivists, the Chinese chill out give themselves honour by having a evidentiary status in the convention, liquid, this reflects wholly indoors the congregation as both root word tries to contain all their knowledge at heart them. In order to cover Chinese more good, then, they mustiness be from a high-context culture as well or at least attempt to study their ways (Miroslawski, 48).Conclusion Chinese Buddhists range from 50% to 80% of the Chinese population, their infrastructures are more than 10,000 in numbers racket objet dart there are hundreds of thousands Chinese Buddhist monks, nuns, lamas and Buddhas (Embassy of the Peoples democracy of China in the joined States of America Vipassana Foundation). The Chinese have, indeed, welcomed and sustain the Buddhist religion ever since it arrived in China during the Han Dynasty. Emperor s were open complete to tackle its unstoppable growth and even allow it continue its development.Despite the turmoils that the country experienced during its fall at the period of the Manchu, the Chinese great deal quiet down resurrected and overhaul the religion in order to make it unruffled adequate with the ever-changing times. It can be utter that the Chinese Buddhists are very loyal to their religion that when it comes to nuptials, the duette should close up be wed in a Buddhist ceremony in order to be considered married. though the Chinese are no all-night particular about having their kid weding some other Chinese, they would motionless pauperization the couple to undergo a Buddhist wedding ceremony.The rituals, the ceremonies and the traditions are still being purely followed. However, there are practices that were no longer invariably done, like parents written text the marriage of their children, divergence to the matchmakers, and cite with forture t ellers. Chinese are now allowing their children to chose who they involve to marry irregardless of nationality and the couple are also free to subscribe to what day they would like their wedding to be held. maybe the most ticklish thing where other spate from other countries to get along with the Chinese is regarding ancestry.Chinese tends not to treat what they know with others even with their fellow Chinese. Moreover, they also treasured to childs play a big role in a certain agreement. In addition, agreeable a backup with Chinese might take a lot of time as they volition forever claver their group regarding the business at hand. These qualities of the Chinese is imputable to their high power distance, sovietism and context culture (Miroslawski, 46-48). Chinese favor having a person above them who are clear of leading them irregardless of the circumstances.They will incessantly put the surmount interests of the group their their own and they do not portion an ything to anyone easily for they find it hard to trust other people, however, they gave their concluding the true to their group. This is due to their philosophies and religion Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism (Miroslawski, 46). plant Cited BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet. Buddhist Studies Chinese Buddhist Temple. 2008. Buddhist Studies Buddha Dharma pedagogy connective & BuddhaNet. 13 October 2008 . BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet.Buddhist Studies Mahayana Buddhism Chinese. 2004. Buddhist Studies Buddha Dharma preparation & BuddhaNet. 13 October 2008 . BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet. Buddhist Studies personal Ceremonies in Buddhism Marriage. 2008. Buddhist Studies Buddha Dharma precept intimacy & BuddhaNet. 15 October 2008 . BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet. Timeline of major Events in Chinese Buddhism. 2008. 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